君主论-the prince(英文版)- 第5部分

a　with　the　block　and　a　bloody　knife　at　his　side。　The　barbarity　ofthis　spectacle　caused　the　people　to　be　at　once　satisfied　and　dismayed。But　let　us　return　whence　we　started。　I　say　that　the　duke；　findinghimself　now　sufficiently　powerful　and　partly　secured　from　immediatedangers　by　having　armed　himself　in　his　own　way；　and　having　in　a　greatmeasure　crushed　those　forces　in　his　vicinity　that　could　injure　him　if　hewished　to　proceed　with　his　conquest；　had　next　to　consider　France；　for　heknew　that　the　king；　who　too　late　was　aware　of　his　mistake；　would　notsupport　him。　And　from　this　time　he　began　to　seek　new　alliances　and　totemporize　with　France　in　the　expedition　which　she　was　making　towards　thekingdom　of　Naples　against　the　Spaniards　who　were　besieging　Gaeta。　It　washis　intention　to　secure　himself　against　them；　and　this　he　plished　had　Alexander　lived。Such　was　his　line　of　action　as　to　present　affairs。　But　as　to　the　futurehe　had　to　fear；　in　the　first　place；　that　a　new　successor　to　the　Churchmight　not　be　friendly　to　him　and　might　seek　to　take　from　him　that　whichAlexander　had　given　him；　so　he　decided　to　act　in　four　ways。　Firstly；　byexterminating　the　families　of　those　lords　whom　he　had　despoiled；　so　asto　take　away　that　pretext　from　the　Pope。　Secondly；　by　winning　to　himselfall　the　gentlemen　of　Rome；　so　as　to　be　able　to　curb　the　Pope　with　theiraid；　as　has　been　observed。　Thirdly；　by　converting　the　college　more　tohimself。　Fourthly；　by　acquiring　so　much　power　before　the　Pope　should　diethat　he　could　by　his　own　measures　resist　the　first　shock。　Of　these　fourthings；　at　the　death　of　Alexander；　he　had　acplished　three。　For　he　hadkilled　as　many　of　the　dispossessed　lords　as　he　could　lay　hands　on；　andfew　had　escaped；　he　had　won　over　the　Roman　gentlemen；　and　he　had　themost　numerous　party　in　the　college。　And　as　to　any　fresh　acquisition；　heintended　to　bee　master　of　Tuscany；　for　he　already　possessed　Perugiaand　Piombino；　and　Pisa　was　under　his　protection。　And　as　he　had　no　longerto　study　France　（for　the　French　were　already　driven　out　of　the　kingdomof　Naples　by　the　Spaniards；　and　in　this　way　both　were　pelled　to　buyhis　goodwill）；　he　pounced　down　upon　Pisa。　After　this；　Lucca　and　Sienayielded　at　once；　partly　through　hatred　and　partly　through　fear　of　theFlorentines；　and　the　Florentines　would　have　had　no　remedy　had　hecontinued　to　prosper；　as　he　was　prospering　the　year　that　Alexander　died；for　he　had　acquired　so　much　power　and　reputation　that　he　would　havestood　by　himself；　and　no　longer　have　depended　on　the　luck　and　the　forcesof　others；　but　solely　on　his　own　power　and　ability。But　Alexander　died　five　years　after　he　had　first　drawn　the　sword。　Heleft　the　duke　with　the　state　of　Romagna　alone　consolidated；　with　therest　in　the　air；　between　two　most　powerful　hostile　armies；　and　sick　untodeath。　Yet　there　were　in　the　duke　such　boldness　and　ability；　and　he　knewso　well　how　men　are　to　be　won　or　lost；　and　so　firm　were　the　foundationswhich　in　so　short　a　time　he　had　laid；　that　if　he　had　not　had　thosearmies　on　his　back；　or　if　he　had　been　in　good　health；　he　would　haveovere　all　difficulties。　And　it　is　seen　that　his　foundations　weregood；　for　the　Romagna　awaited　him　for　more　than　a　month。　In　Rome；although　but　half　alive；　he　remained　secure；　and　whilst　the　Baglioni；the　Vitelli；　and　the　Orsini　might　e　to　Rome；　they　could　not　effectanything　against　him。　If　he　could　not　have　made　Pope　him　whom　he　wished；at　least　the　one　whom　he　did　not　wish　would　not　have　been　elected。　Butif　he　had　been　in　sound　health　at　the　death　of　Alexander；　everythingwould　have　been　easy　to　him。　On　the　day　that　Julius　II　was　elected；　hetold　me　that　he　had　thought　of　everything　that　might　occur　at　the　deathof　his　father；　and　had　provided　a　remedy　for　all；　except　that　he　hadnever　anticipated　that；　when　the　death　did　happen；　he　himself　would　beon　the　point　to　die。When　all　the　actions　of　the　duke　are　recalled；　I　do　not　know　how　toblame　him；　but　rather　it　appears　to　me；　as　I　have　said；　that　I　ought　tooffer　him　for　imitation　to　all　those　who；　by　the　fortune　or　the　arms　ofothers；　are　raised　to　government。　Because　he；　having　a　lofty　spirit　andfar…reaching　aims；　could　not　have　regulated　his　conduct　otherwise；　andonly　the　shortness　of　the　life　of　Alexander　and　his　own　sicknessfrustrated　his　designs。　Therefore；　he　who　considers　it　necessary　tosecure　himself　in　his　new　principality；　to　win　friends；　to　overeeither　by　force　or　fraud；　to　make　himself　beloved　and　feared　by　thepeople；　to　be　followed　and　revered　by　the　soldiers；　to　exterminate　thosewho　have　power　or　reason　to　hurt　him；　to　change　the　old　order　of　thingsfor　new；　to　be　severe　and　gracious；　magnanimous　and　liberal；　to　destroya　disloyal　soldiery　and　to　create　new；　to　maintain　friendship　with　kingsand　princes　in　such　a　way　that　they　must　help　him　with　zeal　and　offendwith　caution；　cannot　find　a　more　lively　example　than　the　actions　of　thisman。Only　can　he　be　blamed　for　the　election　of　Julius　II；　in　whom　he　made　abad　choice；　because；　as　is　said；　not　being　able　to　elect　a　Pope　to　hisown　mind；　he　could　have　hindered　any　other　from　being　elected　Pope；　andhe　ought　never　to　have　consented　to　the　election　of　any　cardinal　whom　hehad　injured　or　who　had　cause　to　fear　him　if　they　became　pontiffs。　Formen　injure　either　from　fear　or　hatred。　Those　whom　he　had　injured；amongst　others；　were　San　Pietro　ad　Vincula；　Colonna；　San　Giorgio；　andAscanio。　＇1＇　Any　one　of　the　others；　on　being　Pope；　would　have　had　tofear　him；　Rouen　and　the　Spaniards　excepted；　the　latter　from　theirrelationship　and　obligations；　the　former　from　his　influence；　the　kingdomof　France　having　relations　with　him。　Therefore；　above　everything；　theduke　ought　to　have　created　a　Spaniard　Pope；　and；　failing　him；　he　oughtto　have　consented　to　Rouen　and　not　San　Pietro　ad　Vincula。　He　whobelieves　that　new　benefits　will　cause　great　personages　to　forget　oldinjuries　is　deceived。　Therefore；　the　duke　erred　in　his　choice；　and　itwas　the　cause　of　his　ultimate　ruin。1。　Julius　II　had　been　Cardinal　of　San　Pietro　ad　Vincula；　San　Giorgio　wasRaffaells　Riaxis；　and　Ascanio　was　Cardinal　Ascanio　Sforza。CHAPTER　VIIICONCERNING　THOSE　WHO　HAVE　OBTAINED　A　PRINCIPALITY　BY　WICKEDNESSALTHOUGH　a　prince　may　rise　from　a　private　station　in　two　ways；　neitherof　which　can　be　entirely　attributed　to　fortune　or　genius；　yet　it　ismanifest　to　me　that　I　must　not　be　silent　on　them；　although　one　could　bemore　copiously　treated　when　I　discuss　republics。　These　methods　are　when；either　by　some　wicked　or　nefarious　ways；　one　ascends　to　theprincipality；　or　when　by　the　favour　of　his　fellow…citizens　a　privateperson　bees　the　prince　of　his　country。　And　speaking　of　the　firstmethod；　it　will　be　illustrated　by　two　examples　……　one　ancient；　the　othermodern　……　and　without　entering　further　into　the　subject；　I　considerthese　two　examples　will　suffice　those　who　may　be　pelled　to　followthem。Agathocles；　the　Sicilian；　became　King　of　Syracuse　not　only　from　aprivate　but　from　a　low　and　abject　position。　This　man；　the　son　of　apotter；　through　all　the　changes　in　his　fortunes　always　led　an　infamouslife。　Nevertheless；　he　acpanied　his　infamies　with　so　much　ability　ofmind　and　body　that；　having　devoted　himself　to　the　military　profession；he　rose　through　its　ranks　to　be　Praetor　of　Syracuse。　Being　establishedin　that　position；　and　having　deliberately　resolved　to　make　himselfprince　and　to　seize　by　violence；　without　obligation　to　others；　thatwhich　had　been　conceded　to　him　by　assent；　he　came　to　an　understandingfor　this　purpose　with　Hamilcar；　the　Carthaginian；　who；　with　his　army；was　fighting　in　Sicily。　One　morning　he　assembled　the　people　and　senateof　Syracuse；　as　if　he　had　to　discuss　with　them　things　relating　to　theRepublic；　and　at　a　given　signal　the　soldiers　killed　all　the　senators　andthe　richest　of　the　people；　these　dead；　he　seized　and　held　the　princedomof　that　city　without　any　civil　motion。　And　although　he　was　twicerouted　by　the　Carthaginians；　and　ultimately　besieged；　yet　not　only　washe　able　to　defend　his　city；　but　leaving　part　of　his　men　for　its　defence；with　the　others　he　attacked　Africa；　and　in　a　short　time　raised　the　siegeof　Syracuse。　The　Carthaginians；　reduced　to　extreme　necessity；　werepelled　to　e　to　terms　with　Agathocles；　and；　leaving　Sicily　to　him；had　to　be　content　with　the　possession　of　Africa。Therefore；　he　who　considers　the　actions　and　the　genius　of　this　man　willsee　nothing；　or　little；　which　can　be　attributed　to　fortune；　inasmuch　ashe　attained　pre…eminence；　as　is　shown　above；　not　by　the　favour　of　anyone；　but　step　by　step　in　the　military　profession；　which　steps　weregained　with　a　thousand　troubles　and　perils；　and　were　afterwards　boldlyheld　by　him　with　many　hazards　and　dangers。　Yet　it　cannot　be　calledtalent　to　slay　fellow…citizens；　to　deceive　friends；　to　be　without　faith；without　mercy；　without　religion；　such　methods　may　gain　empire；　but　notglory。　Still；　if　the　courage　of　Agathocles　in　entering　into　andextricating　himself　from　dangers　be　considered；　together　with　hisgreatness　of　mind　in　enduring　overing　hardships；　it　cannot　be　seenwhy　he　should　be　esteemed　less　than　the　most　notable　captain。Nevertheless；　his　barbarous　cruelty　and　inhumanity　with　infinitewickednesses　do　not　permit　him　to　be　celebrated　among　the　most　excellentmen。　What　he　achieved　cannot　be　attributed　either　to　fortune　or　togenius。In　our　times；　during　the　rule　of　Alexander　VI；　Oliverotto　da　Fermo；having　been　left　an　orphan　many　years　before；　was　brought　up　by　hismaternal　uncle；　Giovanni　Fogliani；　and　in　the　early　days　of　his　youthsent　to　fight　under　Paolo　Vitelli；　that；　being　trained　under　hisdiscipline；　he　might　attain　some　high　position　in　the　militaryprofession。　After　Paolo　died；　he　fought　under　his　brother　Vitellozzo；and　in　a　very　short　time；　being　endowed　with　wit　and　a　vigorous　body　andmind；　he　became　the　first　man　in　his　profession。　But　it　appearing　to　hima　paltry　thing　to　serve　under　others；　he　resolved；　with　the　aid　of　somecitizens　of　Fermo；　to　whom　the　slavery　of　their　country　was　dearer　thanits　liberty；　and　with　the　help　of　the　Vitelli；　to　seize　Fermo。　So　hewrote　to　Giovanni　Fogliani　that；　having　been　away　from　home　for　manyyears；　he　wished　to　visit　him　and　his　city；　and　in　some　measure　to　lookinto　his　patrimony；　and　although　he　had　not　laboured　to　acquire　anythingexcept　honour；　yet；　in　order　that　the　citizens　should　see　he　had　notspent　his　time　in　vain；　he　desired　to　e　honour