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CHAPTER¡¡FIVE¡¡
Lesson¡¡Four£ºThe¡¡History¡¡of¡¡and¡¡The¡¡Power¡¡of¡¡Corporation

I¡¡remember¡¡in¡¡school¡¡being¡¡told¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡Robin¡¡Hood¡¡and¡¡his¡¡Merry¡¡Men¡£¡¡My¡¡schoolteacher¡¡thought¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡story¡¡of¡¡a¡¡romantic¡¡hero£»¡¡a¡¡Kevin¡¡Costner¡¡type£»¡¡who¡¡robbed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡to¡¡the¡¡poor¡£¡¡My¡¡rich¡¡dad¡¡did¡¡not¡¡see¡¡Robin¡¡Hood¡¡as¡¡a¡¡hero¡£¡¡He¡¡called¡¡Robin¡¡Hood¡¡a¡¡crook¡£
Robin¡¡Hood¡¡may¡¡be¡¡long¡¡gone£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡followers¡¡live¡¡on¡£¡¡How¡¡often¡¡I¡¡still¡¡hear¡¡people¡¡say£»¡¡¡¨Why¡¡don't¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡pay¡¡for¡¡it£¿¡¨¡¡Or¡¡¡¨The¡¡rich¡¡should¡¡pay¡¡more¡¡in¡¡taxes¡¡and¡¡give¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡poor¡£¡¨
It¡¡is¡¡this¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡Robin¡¡Hood£»¡¡or¡¡taking¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡to¡¡give¡¡to¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡that¡¡has¡¡caused¡¡the¡¡most¡¡pain¡¡for¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class¡£¡¡The¡¡reason¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class¡¡is¡¡so¡¡heavily¡¡taxed¡¡is¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Robin¡¡Hood¡¡ideal¡£¡¡The¡¡real¡¡reality¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡are¡¡not¡¡taxed¡£¡¡It's¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class¡¡who¡¡pays¡¡for¡¡the¡¡poor£»¡¡especially¡¡the¡¡educated¡¡upper¡­ine¡¡middle¡¡class¡£
Again£»¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡fully¡¡how¡¡things¡¡happen£»¡¡we¡¡need¡¡to¡¡look¡¡at¡¡the¡¡historical¡¡perspective¡£¡¡We¡¡need¡¡to¡¡look¡¡at¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡taxes¡£¡¡Although¡¡my¡¡highly¡¡educated¡¡dad¡¡was¡¡an¡¡expert¡¡on¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡education£»¡¡my¡¡rich¡¡dad¡¡fashioned¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡an¡¡expert¡¡on¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡taxes¡£
Rich¡¡dad¡¡explained¡¡to¡¡Mike¡¡and¡¡me¡¡that¡¡in¡¡England¡¡and¡¡America¡¡originally£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡taxes¡£¡¡Occasionally¡¡there¡¡were¡¡temporary¡¡taxes¡¡levied¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡for¡¡wars¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡or¡¡the¡¡president¡¡would¡¡put¡¡the¡¡word¡¡out¡¡and¡¡ask¡¡everyone¡¡to¡¡¡¨chip¡¡in¡£¡¨¡¡Taxes¡¡were¡¡levied¡¡in¡¡Britain¡¡for¡¡the¡¡fight¡¡against¡¡Napoleon¡¡from¡¡1799¡¡to¡¡1816£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡America¡¡taxes¡¡were¡¡levied¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Civil¡¡War¡¡from¡¡1861¡¡to¡¡1865¡£
In¡¡1874£»¡¡England¡¡made¡¡ine¡¡tax¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡levy¡¡on¡¡its¡¡citizens¡£¡¡In¡¡1913£»¡¡an¡¡ine¡¡tax¡¡became¡¡permanent¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡with¡¡the¡¡adoption¡¡of¡¡the¡¡16th¡¡Amendment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡£¡¡At¡¡one¡¡time£»¡¡Americans¡¡were¡¡anti¡­tax¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡excessive¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡tea¡¡that¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡Tea¡¡Party¡¡in¡¡Boston¡¡Harbor£»¡¡an¡¡incident¡¡that¡¡helped¡¡ignite¡¡the¡¡Revolutionary¡¡War¡£¡¡It¡¡took¡¡approximately¡¡50¡¡years¡¡in¡¡both¡¡England¡¡and¡¡¡¡'£¿the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡a¡¡regular¡¡ine¡¡tax¡£¡¡£»
What¡¡these¡¡historical¡¡dates¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡reveal¡¡is¡¡that¡¡both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡taxes¡¡were¡¡initially¡¡levied¡¡against¡¡only¡¡the¡¡rich¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡this¡¡point¡¡that¡¡rich¡¡dad¡¡wanted¡¡Mike¡¡and¡¡me¡¡to¡¡understand¡£¡¡He¡¡explained¡¡that¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡taxes¡¡was¡¡made¡¡popular£»¡¡and¡¡accepted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡majority£»¡¡by¡¡telling¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class¡¡that¡¡taxes¡¡were¡¡created¡¡only¡¡to¡¡punish¡¡the¡¡rich¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡how¡¡the¡¡masses¡¡voted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡became¡¡constitutionally¡¡legal¡£¡¡Although¡¡it¡¡was¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡punish¡¡the¡¡rich£»¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡it¡¡wound¡¡up¡¡punishing¡¡the¡¡very¡¡people¡¡who¡¡voted¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡middle¡¡class¡£
¡¨Once¡¡government¡¡got¡¡a¡¡taste¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡the¡¡appetite¡¡grew£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡rich¡¡dad¡£¡¡¡¨Your¡¡dad¡¡and¡¡I¡¡are¡¡exactly¡¡opposite¡£¡¡He's¡¡a¡¡government¡¡bureaucrat£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡am¡¡a¡¡capitalist¡£¡¡We¡¡get¡¡paid£»¡¡and¡¡our¡¡success¡¡is¡¡measured¡¡on¡¡opposite¡¡behaviors¡£¡¡He¡¡gets¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡spend¡¡money¡¡and¡¡hire¡¡people¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡he¡¡spends¡¡and¡¡the¡¡more¡¡people¡¡he¡¡hires£»¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡his¡¡organization¡¡bees¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡his¡¡organization£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡he¡¡is¡¡respected¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡within¡¡my¡¡organization£»¡¡the¡¡fewer¡¡people¡¡I¡¡hire¡¡and¡¡the¡¡less¡¡money¡¡I¡¡spend£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡I¡¡am¡¡respected¡¡by¡¡my¡¡investors¡£¡¡That's¡¡why¡¡I¡¡don't¡¡like¡¡government¡¡people¡£¡¡They¡¡have¡¡different¡¡objectives¡¡from¡¡most¡¡business¡¡people¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡government¡¡grows£»¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡tax¡¡dollars¡¡will¡¡be¡¡needed¡¡to¡¡support¡¡it¡£¡¨
My¡¡educated¡¡dad¡¡sincerely¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡government¡¡should¡¡help
people¡£¡¡He¡¡loved¡¡John¡¡F¡£¡¡Kennedy¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Peace¡¡Corps¡£¡¡He¡¡loved¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡so¡¡much¡¡that¡¡both¡¡he¡¡and¡¡my¡¡mom¡¡worked¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Peace¡¡Corps¡¡training¡¡volunteers¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡Malaysia£»¡¡Thailand¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Philippines¡£¡¡He¡¡always¡¡strived¡¡for¡¡additional¡¡grants¡¡and¡¡increases¡¡in¡¡his¡¡budget¡¡so¡¡he¡¡could¡¡hire¡¡more¡¡people£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡his¡¡job¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Education¡¡Department¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Peace¡¡Corps¡£¡¡That¡¡was¡¡his¡¡job¡£
From¡¡the¡¡time¡¡I¡¡was¡¡about¡¡10¡¡years¡¡old£»¡¡I¡¡would¡¡hear¡¡from¡¡my¡¡rich¡¡dad¡¡that¡¡government¡¡workers¡¡were¡¡a¡¡pack¡¡of¡¡lazy¡¡thieves£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡my¡¡poor¡¡dad¡¡I¡¡would¡¡hear¡¡how¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡were¡¡greedy¡¡crooks¡¡who¡¡should¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡more¡¡taxes¡£¡¡Both¡¡sides¡¡have¡¡valid¡¡points¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡work¡¡for¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡biggest¡¡capitalists¡¡in¡¡town¡¡and¡¡e¡¡home¡¡to¡¡a¡¡father¡¡who¡¡was¡¡a¡¡prominent¡¡government¡¡leader¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡easy¡¡knowing¡¡who¡¡to¡¡believe¡£
Yet£»¡¡when¡¡you¡¡study¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡taxes£»¡¡an¡¡interesting¡¡perspective¡¡emerges¡£¡¡As¡¡I¡¡said£»¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡taxes¡¡was¡¡only¡¡possible¡¡because¡¡the¡¡masses¡¡believed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Robin¡¡Hood¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡economics£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡to¡¡take¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡and¡¡give¡¡to¡¡everyone¡¡else¡£¡¡The¡¡problem¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡government's¡¡appetite¡¡for¡¡money¡¡was¡¡so¡¡great¡¡that¡¡taxes¡¡soon¡¡needed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡levied¡¡on¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡there¡¡it¡¡kept¡¡¡¨trickling¡¡down¡£¡¨
The¡¡rich£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡saw¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡£¡¡They¡¡do¡¡not¡¡play¡¡by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡set¡¡of¡¡rules¡£¡¡As¡¡I've¡¡stated£»¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡already¡¡knew¡¡about¡¡corporations£»¡¡which¡¡became¡¡popular¡¡in¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡sailing¡¡ships¡£¡¡The¡¡rich¡¡created¡¡the¡¡corporation¡¡as¡¡a¡¡vehicle¡¡to¡¡limit¡¡their¡¡risk¡¡to¡¡the¡¡assets¡¡of¡¡each¡¡voyage¡£¡¡The¡¡rich¡¡put¡¡their¡¡money¡¡into¡¡a¡¡corporation¡¡to¡¡finance¡¡the¡¡voyage¡£¡¡The¡¡corporation¡¡would¡¡then¡¡hire¡¡a¡¡crew¡¡to¡¡sail¡¡to¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡¡to¡¡look¡¡for¡¡treasures¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡ship¡¡was¡¡lost£»¡¡the¡¡crew¡¡lost¡¡their¡¡lives£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡would¡¡be¡¡limited¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡money¡¡they¡¡invested¡¡for¡¡that¡¡particular¡¡voyage¡£¡¡The¡¡diagram¡¡that¡¡follows¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡the¡¡corporate¡¡structure¡¡sits¡¡outside¡¡your¡¡personal¡¡ine¡¡statement¡¡and¡¡balance¡¡sheet¡£

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How¡¡did¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡outsmart¡¡the¡¡intellectuals£¿¡¡Once¡¡the¡¡¡¨Take¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rich¡¨¡¡tax¡¡was¡¡passed£»¡¡cash¡¡started¡¡flowing¡¡into¡¡government¡¡coffers¡£¡¡Initially£»¡¡people¡¡were¡¡happy¡£¡¡Money¡¡was¡¡handed¡¡out¡¡to¡¡government¡¡workers¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rich¡£¡¡It¡¡went¡¡to¡¡government¡¡workers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡jobs¡¡and¡¡pensions¡£¡¡It¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡via¡¡their¡¡factories¡¡receiving¡¡government¡¡contracts¡£¡¡The¡¡government¡¡became¡¡a¡¡large¡¡pool¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡problem¡¡was¡¡the¡¡fiscal¡¡management¡¡of¡¡that¡¡money¡£¡¡There¡¡really¡¡is¡¡no¡¡recirculation¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡words£»¡¡the¡¡government¡¡policy£»¡¡if¡¡you¡¡were¡¡a¡¡government¡¡bureaucrat£»¡¡was¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡having¡¡excess¡¡money¡£¡¡If¡¡you¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡spend¡¡your¡¡allotted¡¡funding£»¡¡you¡¡risked¡¡losing¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡next¡¡budget¡£
You¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡not¡¡be¡¡recognized¡¡for¡¡being¡¡efficient¡£¡¡¡¡Business¡¡people£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡are¡¡rewarded¡¡for¡¡having¡¡excess¡¡money¡¡and¡¡are¡¡recognized¡¡for¡¡their¡¡efficiency¡£
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True¡¡capitalists¡¡used¡¡their¡¡financial¡¡knowledge¡¡to¡¡simply¡¡find¡¡a¡¡way¡¡to¡¡escape¡£¡¡They¡¡headed¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡a¡¡corporation¡£¡¡A¡¡corporation¡¡protects¡¡the¡¡rich¡£¡¡But¡¡what¡¡many¡¡people¡¡who¡¡have¡¡never¡¡formed¡¡a¡¡corporation¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡is¡¡that¡¡a¡¡corporation¡¡is¡¡not¡¡really¡¡a¡¡thing¡£¡¡A¡¡corporation¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡a¡¡file¡¡folder¡¡with¡¡some¡¡legal¡¡documents¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡sitting¡¡in¡¡some¡¡attorney's¡¡office¡¡registered¡¡with¡¡a¡¡state¡¡government¡¡agency¡£¡¡It's¡¡not¡¡a¡¡big¡¡building¡¡with¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡corporation¡¡on¡¡it¡£¡¡It's¡¡not¡¡a¡¡factory¡¡or¡¡a¡¡group¡¡of¡¡people¡£¡¡A¡¡corporation¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡document¡¡that¡¡creates¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡body¡¡without¡¡a¡¡soul¡£¡¡The¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡was¡¡once¡¡again¡¡protected¡£¡¡Once¡¡again£»¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡corporations¡¡became¡¡popular¡­once¡¡the¡¡permanent¡¡ine¡¡laws¡¡were¡¡passed¡­¡¡because¡¡the¡¡ine¡­tax¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡corporation¡¡was¡¡less¡¡than¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡ine¡­tax¡¡rates¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡addition£»¡¡as¡¡described¡¡earlier£»¡¡certain¡¡expenses¡¡could¡¡be¡¡paid¡¡with¡¡pre¡­tax¡¡dollars¡¡within¡¡the¡¡corporation¡£
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