¡¶Ï¸ËµÃñ¹ú´óÎÄÈË¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

ϸ˵Ãñ¹ú´óÎÄÈË- µÚ11²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

1945Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈε±Ñ¡ÎªÃÀ¹úÓïÑÔѧѧ»áÖ÷ϯ£¬1952ÄêÈÙÈΰ¢¼Óϸ£¨Aggasiz£©»ù½ð»á¶«·½ÓïºÍÓïÎÄѧ½ÌÊÚ£¬1960Ä걻ѡΪÃÀ¹ú¶«·½Ñ§»áÖ÷ϯ¡£

1973Ä꣬ÖÐÃÀ¹ØϵÕý³£»¯²»¾Ã£¬À«±ð´ó½ÈýÊ®ÄêµÄÕÔÔªÈηò¸¾»Ø¹ú̽Ç×£¬Êܵ½Öܶ÷À´×ÜÀíµÄÇ×ÇнӼû£¬ÖÜ×ÜÀíºÍÕÔÔªÈÎ̸µ½ÎÄ×ָĸïºÍÕÔÔªÈÎÖÂÁ¦Ñо¿µÄ¡¶Í¨×Ö·½°¸¡·¡£1981Ä꣬ɥÆÞ²»¾ÃµÄÕÔÔªÈÎÔÙ´ÎÓ¦ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆѧԺÓïÑÔÑо¿ËùÖ®Ñû£¬Ùɳ¤Å®ÕÔÈçÀ¼¡¢Å®Ðö±åѧ»Ç¡¢ËÄÅ®ÕÔСÖÐÔٴλعú̽Ç×£¬Êܵ½È«¹úÕþЭÖ÷ϯµËСƽµÄÈÈÇé½Ó¼û£¬²¢½ÓÊÜÁ˱±¾©´óѧÊÚÓèµÄÃûÓþ½ÌÊڳƺš£

1982Äê2ÔÂ24ÈÕ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÊÅÊÀÓÚÃÀ¹úÂíÈøÖîÈûÖÝ¿²²¼ÀïÆæ¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎÈ¥ÊÀºó£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧΪËûÉèÁ¢ÁËÕÔÔªÈλù½ð»á£¬Í¬Äê4ÔÂ4ÈÕ£¬¸ÃУ¾ÙÐÐÁË¡ÖصÄÕÔÔªÈÎÊÅÊÀ¼ÍÄî»á¡£

¡¾ÓïÑÔ¡¿

ÕÔÔªÈλá˵33ÖÖººÓï·½ÑÔ£¬µ½È«¹ú´ó²¿·ÖµØ·½£¬¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓõ±µØ·½ÑԺ͵±µØÈ˽»Á÷¡£Ëû¾«Í¨Ó¢¡¢µÂ¡¢·¨¡¢ÈÕ¡¢¶í¡¢Ï£À°¡¢À­¶¡µÈ¶àÃÅÍâÓÉõÖÁ¾«Í¨ÕâЩÓïÑԵķ½ÑÔ¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎÒò´ËµÃÁ˸ö¡°Õ԰˸硱µÄ´ÂºÅ¡£

ÕÔÔªÈεÄÌý¾õÌرðÁéÃô£¬ËûÄÜÔں̵ܶÄʱ¼äÄÚ¾Íѧ»áÒ»ÖÖ·½ÑÔ£¬´ËºóÖÕÉú²»Íü¡£Ëû¶ùʱ¾ÍչʾÁË·Ç·²µÄÓïÑÔÌ츳£¬Ëûÿµ½Ò»¸öµØ·½¾Óס£¬¾ÍÄÜѸËÙѧ»áµ±µØµÄ·½ÑÔ¡£ÇåÄ©£¬ËûµÄ×游ÔÚ±±·½×ö¹Ù£¬ÄêÓ×µÄÕÔÔªÈÎËæÆä¼ÒÈËÔÚ±±¾©¡¢±£¶¨µÈµØ¾ÓסÆڼ䣬´Ó±£Ä·ÄÇÀïѧ»áÁ˱±¾©»°ºÍ±£¶¨»°¡£5Ëêʱ£¬ÕԻص½¼ÒÏç³£ÖÝ£¬¼ÒÀïΪËûÇëÁËһλµ±µØµÄ¼ÒÍ¥ÀÏʦ£¬ËûÓÖѧ»áÁËÓó£ÖÝ·½ÑÔ±³ËÐËÄÊéÎå¾­¡£ºóÀ´£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÓÖ´ÓËûµÄ´óÒÌÄïÄǶùѧ»áÁ˳£Êì»°£¬´Ó²®Ä¸ÄǶùѧ»áÁ˸£ÖÝ»°¡£

ÕÔÔªÈÎ15Ëêʱ¿¼ÈëÄϾ©½­ÄϸߵÈѧÌÃѧϰ¡£µ±Ê±È«Ð£270ÃûѧÉúÖУ¬Ö»ÓÐ3ÃûÊǵصÀµÄÄϾ©ÈË£¬ËûÏòÕâÈýλÄϾ©Í¬Ñ§Ñ§»áÁ˵صÀµÄÄϾ©»°¡£Ò»´ÎÔÚijÑçϯÖУ¬ÕÔÔªÈξÓÈ»ÄÜÓÃ8ÖÖ·½ÑÔÓëÀ´×ÔËÄÃæ°Ë·½µÄͬ×À¿ÍÈ˽»Ì¸¡£

Áõ°ëÅ©ÔøÏë±àÒ»±¾¡°ÂîÈËר¼­¡±£¬ËûÔÚ¡¶±±¾©³¿±¨¡·ÉÏ¿¯µÇÁËÒ»Ôò¡°´Ö»°ÆôÊ¡±£¬¹«¿ªÕ÷¼¯È«¹ú¸÷µØÂîÈ˵Ļ°¡£ÕÔÔªÈο´µ½Æôʺó£¬À´µ½Áõ°ëÅ©µÄËÞÉᣬÓÃÏæ¡¢´¨¡¢ÍîµÈµØµÄ·½ÑÔ´óÂîÁõ°ëÅ©¡£Ëæºó£¬ÖÜ×÷ÈËÒ²À´ÁË£¬ÓÃÉÜÐËÍÁ»°ÓÖ½«Áõ°ëÅ©´óÂîÁËÒ»¶Ù¡£µ±Áõ°ëÅ©È¥ÉÏ¿Îʱ£¬¾¹ÓÖ±»¹ã¶«¡¢¹ãÎ÷¡¢ºþÄÏ¡¢ºþ±±µÈµØµÄѧÉúÓ÷½ÑÔÂîÁË°ëÌì¡£ºóÀ´£¬ÁõÈ¥°Ý·ÃÕÂÌ«Ñ×£¬±»ÕÂÓùÅÓïÖеĴֻ°´óÂîһͨ¡£

1920Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú½ÌÓý¼Ò¶ÅÍþºÍÓ¢¹úÕÜѧ¼ÒÂÞËØÀ´Öйú½²Ñ§£¬½¯°ÙÀï¡¢²ÌÔªÅà¡¢¶¡ÎĽ­¡¢ÌÕÂŧ¡¢Çؾ°ÑôµÈÈ˹²Í¬ÍƼöÕÔÔªÈΣ¬µ£ÈÎÂÞËصķ­Ò룬ÆäʱÕÔÔªÈÎÒѽÓÊÜÇ廪µÄƸÊ飬ÈËÈ´»¹Ã»Óлص½¹úÄÚ¡£Í¨¹ý²ÌÔªÅà¡¢¶¡ÎĽ­µÈÈ˵ÄŬÁ¦£¬Ç廪´óѧ×îºóÖÕÓÚ´ðÓ¦ÕÔÔªÈε£ÈÎÂÞËØ·­Òëһʡ£ÕÔÔªÈλعúºó£¬ËæÂÞËØÔÚÈ«¹úѲ»Ø½²Ñ§Ò»Äê¡£ÓÉÓÚÕÔÔªÈοڳÝÇåÎú£¬ÖªÊ¶Ô¨²©£¬Ã¿µ½Ò»µØÄÜÓ÷½ÑÔ·­Ò룬Òò¶øʹµ±Ê±ÂÞËصĽ²Ñ§±È¶ÅÍþ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄЧ¹û¡£´Ó´Ë£¬ÕÔÔªÈεÄÓïÑÔÌì²ÅµÃµ½Á˹«ÈÏ£¬Ëû×Ô¼ºÒ²¾ö¶¨½«ÓïÑÔѧ×÷ΪÖÕÉíµÄÖ÷ÒªÑо¿·½Ïò¡£

ÂÞËص½Öйú£¬»¹Ð¯´øÆäÅ®ÓѲªÀ­¿Ë¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ã¿´ÎÓ¦³ê£¬ÕÔÔªÈβ»½öҪΪÂÞËغͲªÀ­¿Ë½øÐз­Ò룬»¹Òª·­ÒëÖйúÖ÷È˵ķ¢ÑÔ£¬µ«ËûÓ¦¸¶Ô£Èç¡£ÓÐÈË˵£¬Ö»ÓÐÕÔÔªÈβÅÄÜ°ÑÂÞËØÑݽ²µÄÄÚÈÝÍêÍêÕûÕûµØ·­³öÀ´£¬¾ÍÁ¬ÂÞËØ˵µÄЦ»°Ò²ÄÜÒëµÄ²»×ßÑù¶ù¡£

ÂÞËصÄÑݽ²Éæ¼°ÐÄÀíѧ¡¢ÉúÀíѧ¡¢Â×Àíѧ¡¢Êýѧ¡¢Âß¼­¡¢ÎïÀí¡¢½ÌÓýѧ¡¢Éç»áѧµÈ¶à¸öÁìÓò£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÓ¦¸¶×ÔÈ磬Ëû¾õµÃ£¬Éú»îÖеÄÒ»°ã¿ÍÌ×»°Ê®·ÖÄÑ·­Ò룬¶ø·­ÒëѧÊõ½²ÑÝ·´µ¹ÈÝÒ×һЩ¡£Ò»´Îµ£ÈÎѧÊõ½²ÑÝ·­Òëºó£¬ËûÔÚµ±ÌìµÄÔÚÈÕ¼ÇÖÐдµÀ£º¡°ÎÒ°´¼ºÒâ´ó¼ÓÒýÉê˵Ã÷¡­¡­ÒÔÒëÔ±µÄÉí·Ý½²£¬±ÈÖ÷½²È˸üÓÐÀÖȤ£¬ÒòΪÒëÔ±½²Íêºó²ÅÒýÆðÌýÖÚ·´Ó¦¡£¡±

ÕÔÔªÈÎΪÂÞËص±·­Ò룬ÿµ½Ò»¸öµØ·½£¬Ëû¶¼Óõ±µØµÄ·½ÑÔÀ´·­Òë¡£ÂÞËØÔÚº¼ÖÝÑݽ²Ê±£¬ÕÔÔªÈαãÒÔº¼ÖÝ·½ÑÔÀ´·­Ò룻ËûÔÚÈ¥³¤É³µÄ;ÖÐÏòºþÄÏÈËѧ»áÁ˳¤É³»°£¬µÈµ½Á˳¤É³£¬ÒѾ­ÄÜÓõ±µØ»°·­ÒëÁË¡£½²ÑݽáÊøºó£¬Ò»¸öѧÉúÅÜÉÏÀ´ÎÊËû£º¡°ÕÔÏÈÉú¹ó´¦ÊǺþÄÏÄÄÒ»ÏØ£¿¡±

ÔÚÇ廪ÈνÌʱ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔø±íÑݹý¿Ú¼¼¡°È«¹úÂÃÐС±£º´Ó±±¾©Ñؾ©ººÂ·ÄÏÏ£¬¾­ºÓ±±µ½É½Î÷¡¢ÉÂÎ÷£¬³öäü¹Ø£¬ÓɺÓÄÏÈëÁ½ºþ¡¢ËÄ´¨¡¢Ôƹó£¬ÔÙ´ÓÁ½¹ãÈƵ½½­Î÷¡¢¸£½¨£¬½øÈë½­ËÕ¡¢Õã½­¡¢°²»Õ£¬ÓÉɽ¶«¹ý²³º£ÍåÈ붫ÈýÊ¡£¬×îºóÈëɽº£¹Ø·µ¾©¡£ÕâÌË¡°ÂÃÐС±£¬ËûÒ»¿ÚÆø˵Á˽üÒ»¸öСʱ£¬¡°×ß¡±±é´ó°ë¸öÖйú£¬Ã¿¡°µ½¡±Ò»µØ£¬±ãÓõ±µØ·½ÑÔÍÁ»°£¬½éÉÜÃûʤ¹Å¼£ºÍÍÁ»õÌزú¡£

ÔÚÍâ¹úÓï·½Ã棬¾ÝÕÔÔªÈÎ×Ô¼ºËµ£º¡°ÔÚÓ¦ÓÃÎÄ·½Ã棬ӢÎÄ¡¢µÂÎÄ¡¢·¨ÎÄûÓÐÎÊÌâ¡£ÖÁÓÚÒ»°ãÓ÷¨£¬ÔòÈÕ±¾¡¢¹ÅÏ£À°¡¢À­¶¡¡¢¶íÂÞ˹µÈÎÄ×Ö¶¼²»³ÉÎÊÌâ¡£¡±

ÓÐÒ»´Î£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔÚ·¨¹úË÷°î£¨sorbonne£©½²ÑÝ£¬ËûÓõÄÊÇ´¿´â±ê×¼¹ú¶¨µÄ·¨¹úÓïÒô¡£Ñݽ²Íê±Ïºó£¬ÌýÖÚ¶ÔËû˵£º¡°Äã·¨¹ú»°ËµµÃÕæºÃ£¬ÄãµÄ·¨¹ú»°±È·¨¹úÈË˵µÃ¶¼ºÃ¡£¡±Ëû³£ÔÚ¹ØÓÚÓïÑÔѧµÄ½²Ñ§»òÖø×÷ÖУ¬Ê¹ÓÃһЩÓÉËû×Ô¼º´´×÷µÄÃîȤºáÉúµÄ¹ÊÊÂÀ´¼ÓÉîÈËÃǵÄÓ¡Ïó¡£

ÓÐÒ»´Î£¬ÕÔÔªÈν²ÓïÑÔÓëÊÂÎï±¾ÉíµÄÔ¼¶¨Ë׳ɹØϵ£¨¼´·Ç±ØÈ»ÁªÏµ£©Ê±Ëµ£º¡°´ÓÇ°ÓиöÀÏÌ«ÆÅ£¬³õ´Î¸úÍâ¹úÈËÓеã½Ó´¥£¬Ëý¾ÍÏ¡ÆæµÃ¼òÖ±²»ÏàÐÅ¡£Ëý˵£¬ËûÃÇ˵»°Õæ¹Ö£¬Ã÷Ã÷ÊÇÎå¸ö£¬·¨¹úÈËƫƫҪ˵ÊÇÈý¸ö£¨cinq£©£»Ã÷Ã÷ÊÇÊ®£¬ÈÕ±¾ÈËƫƫҪ˵ÊǾţ»Ã÷Ã÷ÊÇË®£¬Ó¢¹úÈËƫƫҪ˵ÊÇÎÑÍ·£¨water£©¡£¡±

ÕÔÔªÈεÄÆÞ×ÓÑΰҲ»á¼¸ÖÖ·½ÑÔ¡£ÕÔÔªÈκÍÑΰ½á»éºó£¬ËûÃǶ©ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕ³Ì±í£¬½ñÌì˵¹úÓÃ÷Ìì˵ºþÄÏ»°£¬ºóÌì˵ÉϺ£»°¡£

ÕÔÔªÈÎÔø±àÁËÒ»¸ö¼«¡°ºÃÍæ¶ù¡±µÄµ¥Òô¹ÊÊ£¬ÒÔ˵Ã÷ÓïÒôºÍÎÄ×ÖµÄÏà¶Ô¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡£¹ÊÊÂÃûΪ¡¶Ê©ÊÏʳʨʷ¡·£¬Í¨ÆªÖ»ÓС°shi¡±Ò»¸öÒô£º¡°Ê¯ÊÒÊ«Ê¿Ê©ÊÏ£¬ÊÈʨ£¬ÊÄʳʮʨ¡£ÊÏʱʱÊÊÊÐÊÓʨ¡£Ê®Ê±£¬ÊÊʮʨÊÊÊС£ÊÇʱ£¬ÊÊÊ©ÊÏÊÊÊС£ÊÏÊÓÊÇʮʨ£¬ÊÑʸÊÆ£¬Ê¹ÊÇʮʨÊÅÊÀ¡£ÊÏÊ°ÊÇʮʨʬ£¬ÊÊʯÊÒ¡£Ê¯ÊÒʪ£¬ÊÏʹÊÌÊÃʯÊÒ¡£Ê¯ÊÒÊã¬ÊÏʼÊÔʳʮʨʬ¡£Ê³Ê±£¬Ê¼Ê¶Ê®Ê¨Ê¬£¬ÊµÊ®Ê¯Ê¨Ê¬¡£ÊÔÊÍÊÇÊ¡£¡±´ËÎı»ÊÕÈ롶´ó²»Áе߰ٿÆÈ«Êé¡·¡£

ÕÔÔªÈÎÍíÄêÔø×÷¡¶ïúÎõϷϬ¡·£º¡°Î÷ϪϬ£¬Ï²æÒÏ·¡£ïúÎõϦϦЯϬá㣬ïúÎõϸϸϰϴϬ¡£Ï¬ÎüϪ£¬Ï·Ï®Îõ¡£ïúÎõÎûÎûϣϷ¡£Ï§Ï¬Ë»Ë»Ï²Ï®Îõ¡£¡±Ëû×¢Ã÷£º¡°ïú£¬Ï­ÄßÇУ¬ÒôÙ⣬ÆëÔÏ¡£Ò»ÐÕÊÏ£¬¶þɽÃû¡£¡±ËûÒÔ´ËÎÄ˵Ã÷ÖйúÎÄ×ÖÖ»ÓÐÐΡ¢Òô¡¢Òåͬʱ³öÏÖ£¬²Å¿É±í´ïÎÄÕÂÒâ˼¡£

»¹ÓÐÒ»Êס¶ßóß󼦡·Ò²ÎªÕÔÔªÈÎËù×÷£ºßóß󼦣¬¼¦ßóß󣬼¸¼¦¼·¼·¼¯»ú¼¹¡£»ú¼«¼²£¬¼¦¼¢¼«£¬¼¦¼½¼º¼¼»÷¼°öê¡£»ú¼È¼Ã¼»çÜ£¬¼¦¼Æ¼²»ú¼¤¼¸öê¡£»ú¼²¼«£¬ö꼫¼Â£¬¼±¼±¼·¼¯í¶¼¶¼Ê¡£¼Ì¼´öê¼£¼«¼Å¼Å£¬¼Ì¼´¼¸¼¦¼È¼¢¼´ßóßó¡£

ÕÔÔªÈθæËßÅ®¶ùÕÔÐÂÄÇ£¬×Ô¼ºÑо¿ÓïÑÔѧÊÇΪÁË¡°ºÃÍæ¶ù¡±¡£ÕÔÔªÈεÄÈýÅ®¶ù½ÐÕÔÀ³ºÛ˼ÃÄ£¬¾ÝÕÔÐÂÄÇ˵£¬¾ÍÊÇ¡°ºÃÍæ¶ù¡±µÄ½á¹û¡£¾­³£ÓÐÈËÎÊÆðÕÔÔªÈÎΪʲô¸øÅ®¶ùÆðÕâô³¤µÄÃû×Ö¡£Ô­À´£¬ÕÔµÄÈýÅ®¶ùСʱºò½Ð¡°LenSei¡±£¬ÊÇÕÔ¸ù¾ÝÆ´ÒôÆ´³öÀ´µÄÁ½¸öÒô½Ú£¬µ«²¢Ã»ÓÐÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄºº×Ö£¬ÉÏѧºó°´Ð³Òôд³É¡°À³ºÛ˼ÃÄ¡±¡£

ÉÏÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎΪÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý¹àÖÆÁôÉùƬ£¬ÒÔÍƹ㡰¹úÓ¡£1925Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈηò¸¾ÓÉ·¨¹úÂíÈü»Ø¹ú£¬Í¾¾­Ïã¸Û£¬¿´¼ûÒ»¼ÒЬµêµÄ°×ƤЬºÜºÃ£¬ÓÚÊÇÕÔÔªÈÎÓùúÓï¶ÔµêԱ˵ҪÂòÁ½Ë«Ð¬¡£ÒòΪÕÔÔªÈÎÓÐÒ»¸öÏ°¹ß£¬Óöµ½ºÏÒâµÄЬ×ÜÊÇÂòÁ½Ë«¡£µ±Ê±£¬Ïã¸ÛͨÓõÄÓïÑÔÊÇÓ¢ÓïÓë¹ã¶«»°£¬Í¨Ïþ¹úÓïÕß²»¶à¡£ÕâλµêÔ±µÄ¹úÓïºÜ²î£¬ÎÞÂÛÕÔÔªÈÎÔõô˵Ëû¶¼²»Ã÷°×¡£ÓÚÊÇ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÉì³öÁ½¸öÊÖÖ¸£¬È»ºóÖ¸Ö¸°×ƤЬ£¬Òâ˼ÊÇÒªÁ½Ë«¡£µêÔ±¿´Á˱ãÉúÆøµØ˵£º¡°Ò»Ë«Ð¬²»¾ÍÊÇÁ½Ö»Â𣿻¹ÒªËµÊ²Ã´£¿¡±×îºóÕÔÔªÈÎÖ»ºÃÂòһ˫ƤЬ¡£ËûÃÇÂòÍ궫Î÷³öÃÅʱ£¬µêÔ±ÓÃŨÖصĹ㶫»°Ëµ£º¡°ÎÒ½¨ÒéÏÈÉúÂòÒ»Ì×¹úÓï¼Òô´Å´øÌýÌý£¬ÄãµÄ¹úÓïÌ«²î¾¢ÁË¡£¡±ÕÔÔªÈÎÎʵÀ£º¡°Ë­µÄ¹úÓï¼Òô´ø×îºÃ£¿¡±µêԱ˵£º¡°×ÔÈ»ÊÇÕÔÔªÈεÄ×îºÃÁË¡£¡±ÕâʱÑΰÔÚÅÔ±ß˵£º¡°Ëû¾ÍÊÇÕÔÔªÈΰ¡£¡¡±µêÔ±·Þ·ÞµØ˵£º¡°±ð¿ªÍæЦÁË£¬ËûµÄ¹úÓï½²µÃÕâô²î£¬ÔõôÄܸúÕÔÔªÈαȣ¿¡±

ÓïÑÔѧ¼Ò³ÂÔ­ÔÚ»ØÒäÎÄÕÂÖÐдµÀ£º¡°ÕÔÔªÈΣ¬ÕÔÔªÈΣ¬ÔÚÎÒÇàÉÙÄêʱ´ú£¬µ½´¦¶¼ÊÇÕÔÔªÈεÄÓ°×Ó¡£¡±ÉÙÄêʱ£¬³Â¾Í×ÅÃÔÓÚÕÔÔªÈη­ÒëµÄ¡¶°¢Àö˼ÂþÓÎÆæ¾³¼Ç¡·¡£³¤´óÁË£¬Ïëѧ¡°¹úÓ£¬¾Íͨ¹ýÕÔÔªÈεġ¶¹úÓïÁôÉùƬ¿Î±¾¡·½øÐÐѧϰ£¬ºóÀ´ÃÔÉÏÁËÒôÀÖ£¬±ãÃÔÉÏÁËÕÔÔªÈεÄÅóÓÑÏôÓÑ÷½éÉܵı´¶à·Ò¡¶»¶ÀÖËÌ¡·£¬Ò²ÃÔÉÏÁËÕÔÔªÈÎÆ×Çú²¢Ç××ÔÑݳªµÄ¡¶½ÌÎÒÈçºÎ²»ÏëËý¡·¡£

¡¶°®ÀöË¿ÂþÓÎÆæ¾³¡·µÄµÚÒ»¸öÖÐÎÄÒë±¾ÊÇÓÉÕÔÔªÈη­ÒëµÄ£¬1922ÄêÓÉÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý³ö°æ¡£µ±Ê±ÕÔÔªÈÎÌرðÇ¿µ÷£¬Õâ±¾Êé¡°ÓÖÊÇÒ»±¾ÕÜѧµÄºÍÂ×ÀíѧµÄ²Î¿¼Ê顱¡£

1928Ä꣬ÔÚÕÔÔªÈΡ¢Ç®ÐþͬµÈÈ˵ÄŬÁ¦Ï£¬ÄϾ©Õþ¸®´óѧԺÕýʽ¹«²¼ÁË¡¶¹úÓïÂÞÂí×ÖÆ´Òô·¨Ê½¡·×÷Ϊ¹úÒô×ÖĸµÚ¶þʽ£¬ÕÔÔªÈθßÐ˵ØÔÚÕâÌìµÄÈÕ¼ÇÖÐдÏ£º¡°G¡£R¡£yinyiijeouyueh¡¡26ry¡¡hgongbunle£®Hooray£¡¡±£¨¹úÓïÂÞÂí×ÖÒÑÓÚ6ÔÂ26ÈÕ¹«²¼ÁË£¬ºÃÍÛ£¡£©

ÕÔÔªÈÎдПøÁÖÓïÌÃʱ£¬Ð´µÄÊǺº×ÖµÄÓ¢ÎÄ£¬ÀýÈ磺¡°µÒ¶ùÍâÌ꣬ºÀº¦·òÓÍ÷Þ£¿¡±£¨Ç×°®µÄÓïÌã¬Äã½üÀ´Ã¦Ð©Ê²Ã´£¿£©ÁÖÓïÌÿ´Á˷dz£Ï²»¶¡£

ÕÔÔªÈÎÿµ½Ò»¸öµØ·½¶¼Ï²»¶Ñо¿ÓïÑÔ£¬×ܽá¸ÃµØÓïÑÔµÄÌص㡣ÓÐÒ»´ÎËûÔÚÈðµäÒ»¸ö»ð³µÕ¾ÂôƱµ½Malm*£¬¾ÍÓÃƽ³£Ó¢µÂµÈÎÞÉùµ÷ÓïÑÔµÄÓïµ÷Óð뽵µ÷˵ÄǸöµØÃû¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎ˵ÁË°ëÌ죬ÄǸöÂôƱµÄÈ˲ŻÐÈ»´óÎò¡£ÕÔÔªÈη¢ÏÖÂôƱµÄÈ˶ÁMalm*·Â·ðÏñ¹ý¹úÓïµÄÈ¥Éù¼ÓÑôƽ£¬ÓÚÊÇ£¬Ëû·¢ÏÖÈðµäÓïÓÐÉùµ÷¡£

ÕÔÔªÈÎÔøºÍ¼ÒÈËÒ»Æ𿪳µ»·ÓÎÅ·ÖÞ¡£Ëû×ܽáÑØ;µÄ¹ú¼Ò¸úÍâ¹úÈË˵»°µÄ¹ßÀý¡£Ò»Â·ÉÏ·¨¹úÈ˺ͱÈÀûʱÈ˸úËûÃÇ˵·¨ÓºÉÀ¼ÈËÒòΪ֪µÀºÜÉÙÓÐÈË»á˵ºÉÀ¼ÓËùÒÔ¸úÍâ¹úÈ˶à°ë˵ӢÎÄ£»µ½Á˵¹ú˵µÂÓÔÚµ¤ÂóÈ˺ÍÈðµäÈËÔò¾¡Á¿¸úÍâ¹úÈË˵ӢÎÄ¡£Ëû˵£ºÎÒÃÇ¿ª³µ´Ó·¨¡¢ºÉ¡¢±È¡¢µÂ½üº£Ò»´øÌýËûÃÇ˵»°ËùµÃµÄÓ¡Ï󣬲¢²»ÊǹýÒ»¹ú»»Ò»ÖÖÓïÑÔ£¬ÎÒÃǵĸоõ·Ç³£Ïñ×ø×ų¤½­ÂÖ´¬´ÓÉϺ£µ½ËÄ´¨Ò»Â·µÄ¿ÚÒô½¥½¥µØ±ä£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÒ»¹úÒ»¹úµØ±ä¡£

ÓÐÒ»´Î£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔÚÈðÊ¿µÄµÂÓïÇø£¬ÒòΪËûµÚ¶þÌìÒª¿ª³µµ½Matterhorn¸ßɽÉÏÈ¥£¬ËùÒÔ×¼±¸½«³µË͵½³µÐнøÐÐһϱ£Ñø£¬ÉÏÉÏÈó»¬ÓÍ¡¢¼ì²éһϻúÆ÷¡£ÕâÌìÍíÉÏËûÄÃÁËÒ»±¾´Êµä²éÁËÕâЩ»ú¼þµÄµÂÎÄÃû³Æ¡£µÚ¶þÌìµ½Á˳µÐУ¬³µÐеÄÈË¿´ÕÔÔªÈÎÊÇÍâ¹úÈË£¬·´¶ø˵Æð·¨ÓïÁË¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎ˵£¬ÄDz»³É£¬ÎÒ×òÌìÍíÉÏÓõÄÊǵÂÎĵŦ£¬½ñ¶ù·ÇµÃÓõÂÎIJŻὲÆû³µµÄÊÂÇéÄÅ¡£

ÕÔÔªÈε½ÁËÊÀ½çÈκεط½£¬µ±µØÈ˶¼ÈÏËû×ö¡°ÀÏÏ硱¡£¶þÕ½½áÊøºó£¬Ëûµ½·¨¹ú²Î¼Ó»áÒé¡£ÔÚ°ÍÀè³µÕ¾£¬Ëû¶ÔÐÐÀîԱ˵°ÍÀèÍÁÓÐÐÀîÔ±ÒÔΪËûÊÇÍÁÉúÍÁ³¤µÄ°ÍÀèÈË£¬ÓÚÊǸÐ̾µÀ£º¡°Äã»ØÀ´ÁË°¡£¬ÏÖÔڿɲ»Èç´ÓÇ°ÁË£¬°ÍÀèÇîÁË¡£¡±ºóÀ´£¬ËûÀ´µ½µÂ¹ú°ØÁÖ£¬Óôø°ØÁÖ¿ÚÒôµÄµÂÓïºÍµ±µØÈËÁÄÌì¡£ÁÚ¾ÓһλÀÏÈ˶ÔËû˵£º¡°Éϵ۱£ÓÓ£¬Äã¶ã¹ýÁËÕⳡÔÖÄÑ£¬Æ½Æ½°²°²µØ»ØÀ´ÁË¡£¡±

ÕÔÔªÈεÄÌýÁ¦ºÜºÃ£¬±æÒôÄÜÁ¦Ç¿¡£ËûÄܹ»°ÑÒ»¸ö×ֵķ¢Òô·Ö¼¸²¿·Ö·ÖÎö¿ª£¬´ÓºóÃæµÄ²¿·ÖÄîÆ𣬽«Ò»¸ö×ÖÓɺóÏòÇ°µ¹×ÅÄî¡£ÓÐʱËûÓüÒô»ú¼ÏÂÒ»¶ÎÕâÖֹŹֵķ¢Òô£¬È»ºóÓÃÄܹ»µ¹×ŷŵļÒô»ú·Å£¬ÌýÆðÀ´¾ÍºÍ°´Õý³£·¢Òô˳ÐòÄîÒ»¶ÎÎÄÕ²¶à¡£Ëû¸ßÐËʱϲ»¶¸øÅóÓÑÃDZíÑÝÕâÖÖ¼¼ÒÕ¡£

1949ÄêÒԺ󣬺úÊÊÈԺܹØÐÄ´ó½µÄÎÄ»¯¶¯¾²¡£Ã«Ô󶫵ÄÊ«´ÊËûÒ²ÈÏÕæ¶Á£¬¼û´ðÀîÊçÒ»µÄÔÏÅܵÃûÁ˱ߣ¬Ëû±ãÈ¥ÎÊÕÔÔªÈΣ¬ÊDz»ÊǺþÄÏ·½ÑÔ¿ÉÒÔÕâÑùѺ£¬ÕÔ´ð·ñ¡£

ÁºÊþäéÔÚÍíÄê¿ÚÊö¡¶Õâ¸öÊÀ½ç»áºÃÂð¡·ÖУ¬Ôø̸µ½¶ÔÕÔÔªÈεÄÆÀ¼Û£º

Áº£ºµ±Ê±ËûÊÇÇ廪¹úѧԺµÄËĸöµ¼Ê¦Ö®Ò»£¬ËûµÄ֪ʶºÜ·á¸»£¬Ìý˵ËûÓÐÕâÑùÒ»¸ö±¾Ê£¬¾ÍÊÇËûÒ»°ã¸úÎÒÃÇÒ»Ñù½²ÆÕͨµÄ±±¾©»°£¬µ«ÊÇËûÈç¹ûµ½Ò»¸öеط½£¬±ÈÈçµ½Á˸£½¨£¬µ½Á˹㶫£¬ËûסÕâôһÌ죬Á½Ì죬Ëû¾ÍÄܽ²ÄǸöµØ·½µÄ»°¡£

°¬£ºÊÇÕâÑù£¬ÎÒÒ²Ìý˵ÁË¡£

Áº£ºÒòΪËû¶®µÃÄǸöµØ·½È˽²»°£¬´ÓÒôÔÏÉÏ£¬´ÓÀûÓÿڳÝÉÏ£¬ËûסÉÏÒ»¡¢Á½Ìì¾ÍÏþµÃÔõôÑù£¬¾Í½²µ±µØµÄ»°£¬È˼ҸæËßÎÒÊÇÕâÑù¡£

°¬£ºÊÇ¡£µ±Ê±ÔÚ²®¿ËÀ³µÄʱºòÒ²Çë½Ì¹ý£¬Ñо¿Õâ±¾ÊéµÄʱºò£¬ÊǹØÓÚÂÞËØ£¬ÒòΪËûÊÇÅã×ÅÂÞËØ×ö·­ÒëµÄ¡£

Áº£ºÓÐÒ»¶Î£¬±¾À´·­ÒëÊÇÁíÍâÒ»ÈË£¬ºóÀ´²»ÐУ¬ºóÀ´ÂÞËؽ²µÄ¶«Î÷ÄǸöÈË·­Òë²»ÁË£¬»¹ÊÇÇëÕÔÏÈÉúÈ¥·­Òë¡£

°¬£ºÊÇ°¡£¬ÎÒÒ²Ìý˵±ðµÄ¹ØÓÚËûµÄ±¾ÊµĹÊÊ£¬¾ÍÊÇËû¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÒ»¸öʲô»°µ¹½²£¬ºóÃæµÄ¼¸¸öÒôÏȽ²£¬Ò»´ó¶Î»°¾ÍÊÇÕâ¸öÑù×Ó£¬Â¼ºÃÒÔºó¾Í°Ñ¼Òô´øµ¹·Å£¬»¹ÊÇÕý³£µÄ»°£¬ËûÕýÊÇÓÐÓïÑÔµÄÌì²Å¡£

20ÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú³õ£¬°×»°ÎÄÔ˶¯ÒѳÉÆøºò£¬ÕÔÔªÈοªÊ¼½øÐкº×ÖÆ´Òô»¯Íƹ㡣Ëû±à¼­¹àÖÆÁË¡¶¹úÓïÁôÉù»úƬ¿Î±¾¡·£¬ºúÊÊΪ¸ÃÊé×÷Ðò£¬³ÆÒÔÁôÉù»úƬ½Ì¹úÓïûÓеڶþÈ˱ÈÔªÈθüÊÊÒË£¬¸ÃÊé×î´ó³¤´¦ÔÚ±æÒôµÄÕýÈ·£¬Èç±æÉùµ÷±æ·½ÑԵȣ¬ÇÒÊéÖÐÓÃÓï»îÆÃڶг£¬¿ÉÒÔÆƳý½Ì¿ÆÊéÀúÀ´µÄ³ÁÃÆ¡£

1927Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈε½½­ËÕÒ»´ø½øÐÐÁËΪÆÚÈý¸öÔµÄÎâÓïµ÷²é£¬Ëû²»´ÇÀͿ࣬շתÕò½­¡¢µ¤Ñô¡¢ÎÞÎý¡¢ÒËÐË¡¢äàÑôµÈµØ£¬¼Ç¼ÁË´óÁ¿µÄµ±µØ·½ÑÔ¡£»Øµ½±±¾©ºó£¬Ëû½«ËѼ¯À´µÄ²ÄÁÏд³ÉÒ»±¾¡¶ÏÖ´úÎâÓïÑо¿¡·¡£´ËÊé³ö°æʱ£¬ÓïÒô·ûºÅ×¼±¸²ÉÓùú¼ÊÒô±ê£¬µ«µ±Ê±Ó¡Ë¢³§Ã»ÓÐ×ÖÄ££¬ËûºÍÖúÊÖ¾Í×Ô¼ºÓÃÊÖд¡¢»­£¬Ã¿Ì칤×÷10СʱÒÔÉÏ¡£Õâ±¾Êé³ÉΪÑо¿ÎâÓïºÍ·½ÑÔµÄÕä¹óÎÄÏ××ÊÁÏ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÒ²³ÉΪÎÒ¹ú·½ÑÔµ÷²éµÄ±Ç×æ¡£

ÕÔÔªÈθù¾Ý·¢ÒôϵͳºÍÖ÷ÒªÏÖ´ú·½ÑÔ£¬´Ó¡¶¿µÎõ×ֵ䡷µÄÁ½Íò¶à×ÖÖÐÌôÑ¡³öÁ½Ç§×Ö£¬×÷Ϊ¡°Í¨×Ö¡±£¬ËûÈÏΪÈÕ³£µÄÐÐÎÄÓÃÕâÁ½Ç§×־͹»ÁË¡£ËûµÄÕâ±¾¡¶Í¨×Ö·½°¸¡·Ò»Ö±²»¿ÏÇáÒ×ÍѸ壬·´¸´Õå×㬿¼ÂÇÔÙÈý£¬Ò»´ÎÒ»´ÎµØÐ޸ģ¬»¹Õ÷Çó¹úÄÚÓïÑÔѧ¼ÒµÄÒâ¼û¡£1979ÄêÕÔÐÂÄǵ½ÃÀ¹ú̽Íû¸¸Ä¸£¬Äê½ü88Ëê¸ßÁäµÄÕÔÔªÈΣ¬Ã¿Ìì×øÔÚÊé×ÀÇ°Ñо¿¡¶Í¨×Ö·½°¸¡·¡£

ÕÔÔªÈÎÔçÄêÔøºÍÓïÑÔר¼ÒÀè½õÎõÏÈÉúÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÍƹãÆձ黰¡£1981Ä꣬»Øµ½±±¾©µÄÕÔÔªÈÎÔø¸Ð¿®µÀ£º¡°ÏÖÔÚ½ÌÓýˮƽ¸ßÁË£¬ÈËÃǵÄ˵»°Êܹ㲥¡¢±¨¿¯¡¢µçÊÓµÈýÌåµÄÓ°Ï죬³ö¿ÚÊéÃæÓï¶à£¬²»´ó°®½²°×»°ÁË¡£ÈçÏÖÔÚ±±¾©ÈË°®Ëµ¡®¿ªÊ¼¡¯£¬²»Ëµ¡®ÆðÍ·¶ù¡¯£»°Ñ³¤ÍâÒ²»½Ð¡®´

СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü