reviations； are all marks； more or less trustust not be supposed that all books published； let us say before 1500； are rare； or deserve the notice of the collector。 More than 18；000 works； it has been calculated； left the press before the end of the fifteenth century。 All of these cannot possibly be of interest； and many of them that are 〃rare；〃 are rare precisely because they are uninteresting。 They have not been preserved because they were thought not worth preserving。 This is a great cause of rarity； but we must not hastily conclude that because a book found no favour in its own age； therefore it has no claim on our attention。 A London bookseller tells me that he bought the 〃remainder〃 of Keats's 〃Endymion〃 for fourpence a copy！ The first edition of 〃Endymion〃 is now rare and valued。 In trying to mend the binding of an old 〃Odyssey〃 lately； I extracted from the vellum covers parts of two copies of a very scarce and curious French dictionary of slang； 〃Le Jargon； ou Langage de l'Argot Reforme。〃 This treatise may have been valueless； almost； when it appeared； but now it is serviceable to the philologist； and to all who care to try to interpret the slang ballades of the poet Villon。 An old pamphlet； an old satire； may hold the key to some historical problem； or throw light on the past of manners and customs。 Still； of the earliest printed books； collectors prefer such rare and beautiful ones as the oldest printed Bibles： German； English；as Taverner's and the Bishop's；or Hebrew and Greek； or the first editions of the ancient classics； which may contain the readings of MSS。 now lost or destroyed。 Talking of early Bibles； let us admire the luck and prudence of a certain Mr。 Sandford。 He always longed for the first Hebrew Bible； but would offer no fancy price； being convinced that the book would one day fall in his way。 His foreboding was fulfilled； and he picked up his treasure for ten shillings in a shop in the Strand。 The taste for incunabula； or very early printed books； slumbered in the latter half of the sixteenth； and all the seventeenth century。 It revived with the third jubilee of printing in 1740； and since then has refined itself； and only craves books very early； very important； or works from the press of Caxton； the St。 Albans Schoolmaster； or other famous old artists。 Enough has been said to show the beginner； always enthusiastic； that all old books are not precious。 For further information； the 〃Biography and Typography of William Caxton；〃 by Mr。 Blades （Trubner； London； 1877）； may be consulted with profit。
Following the categories into which M。 Bru classifies desirable books in his invaluable manual； we now e to books printed on vellum； and on peculiar papers。 At the origin of printing； examples of many books； probably presentation copies； were printed on vellum。 There is a vellum copy of the celebrated Florentine first edition of Homer； but it is truly sad to think that the twin volumes； Iliad and Odyssey； have been separated； and pine in distant libraries。 Early printed books on vellum often have beautifully illuminated capitals。 Dibdin mentions in 〃Bibliomania〃 （London； 1811）； p。 90； that a M。 Van Praet was piling a catalogue of works printed on vellum； and had collected more than 2000 articles。 When hard things are said about Henry VIII。； let us remember that this monarch had a few copies of his book against Luther printed on vellum。 The Duke of Marlborough's library possessed twentyfive books on vellum； all printed before 1496。 The chapterhouse at Padua has a 〃Catullus〃 of 1472 on vellum； let Mr。 Robinson Ellis think wistfully of that treasure。 The notable Count M'Carthy of Toulouse had a wonderful library of books in membranis； including a book much coveted for its rarity； oddity； and the beauty of its illustrations； the 〃Hypnerotomachia〃 of Poliphilus （Venice； 1499）。 Vellum was the favourite 〃vanity〃 of Junot； Napoleon's general。 For reasons connected with its manufacture； and best not inquired into； the Italian vellum enjoyed the greatest reputation for smooth and silky whiteness。 Dibdin calls 〃our modern books on vellum little short of downright wretched。〃 But the editor of this series could； I think； show examples that would have made Dibdin change his opinion。
Many paratively expensive papers； large in format； are used in choice editions of books。 Whatman papers； Dutch papers； Chinese papers； and even papier verge； have all their admirers。 The amateur will soon learn to distinguish these materials。 As to books printed on coloured papergreen； blue； yellow； rhubarbcoloured； and the like； they are an offence to the eyes and to the taste。 Yet even these have their admirers and collectors； and the great Aldus himself occasionally used azure paper。 Under the head of 〃large paper；〃 perhaps 〃uncut copies〃 should be mentioned。 Most owners of books have had the edges of the volumes gilded or marbled by the binders。 Thus part of the margin is lost； an offence to the eye of the bibliomaniac； while copies untouched by the binder's shears are rare； and therefore prized。 The inconvenience of uncut copies is； that one cannot easily turn over the leaves。 But； in the present state of the fashion； a really rare uncut Elzevir may be worth hundreds of pounds； while a cropped example scarcely fetches as many shillings。 A set of Shakespeare's quartoes； uncut； would be worth more than a respectable landed estate in Connemara。 For these reasons the amateur will do well to have new books of price bound 〃uncut。〃 It is always easy to have the leaves pared away； but not even the fabled fountain at Argos； in which Hera yearly renewed her maidenhood； could restore margins once clipped away。 So much for books which are chiefly precious for the quantity and quality of the material on which they are printed。 Even this rather foolish weakness of the amateur would not be useless if it made our publishers more careful to employ a sound clean handmade paper； instead of drugged trash； for their more valuable new productions。 Indeed； a taste for handmade paper is ing in； and is part of the revolt against the passion for everything machinemade； which ruined art and handiwork in the years between 1840 and 1870。
The third of M。 Bru's categories of books of prose； includes livres de luxe； and illustrated literature。 Every Christmas brings us livres de luxe in plenty； books which are no books； but have gilt and magenta covers； and great staring illustrations。 These are regarded as drawingroom ornaments by people who never read。 It is scarcely necessary to warn the collector against these gaudy baits of unregulated Christmas generosity。 All ages have not produced quite such garish livres de luxe as ours。 But； on the whole； a book brought out merely for the sake of display； is generally a book ill 〃got up；〃 and not worth reading。 Moreover； it is generally a folio； or quarto； so large that he who tries to read it must support it on a kind of scaffolding。 In the class of illustrated books two sorts are at present most in demand。 The ancient woodcuts and engravings； often the work of artists like Holbein and Durer； can never lose their interest。 Among old illustrated books； the most famous； and one of the rarest； is the 〃Hypnerotomachia Poliphili；〃 〃wherein all human matters are proved to be no more than a dream。〃 This is an allegorical romance； published in 1499； for Francesco Colonna； by Aldus Manucius。 Poliam Frater Franciscus Columna peramavit。 〃Brother Francesco Colonna dearly loved Polia；〃 is the inscription and device of this romance。 Poor Francesco； of the order of preachers； disguised in this strange work his passion for a lady of uncertain name。 Here is a translation of the passage in which the lady describes the beginning of his affection。 〃I was standing； as is the manner of women young and fair； at the window； or rather on the balcony； of my palace。 My yellow hair； the charm of maidens； was floating round my shining shoulders。 My locks were steeped in unguents that made them glitter like threads of gold； and they were slowly drying in the rays of the burning sun。 A handmaid； happy in her task； was drawing a b through my tresses； and surely these of Andromeda seemed not more lovely to Perseus； nor to Lucius the locks of Photis。 ｛6｝ On a sudden； Poliphilus beheld me； and could not withdraw from me his glances of fire； and even in that moment a ray of the sun of love was kindled in his heart。〃
The fragment is itself a picture from the world of the Renaissance。 We watch the blonde； learned lady； dreaming of Perseus； and Lucius； Greek lovers of old time； while the sun gilds her yellow hair； and the young monk； passing below； sees and loves； and 〃falls into the deep waters of desire。〃 The lover is no less learned than the lady； and there is a great deal of amorous archaeology in his account of his voyage to Cythera。 As to the designs in wood； quaint in their vigorous effort to be classical； they have been attributed to Mantegna； to Bellini； and other artists。 Jean Cousin is said to have executed the imitations； in the Paris editions of 1546； 1556； and 1561。
The 〃Hypnerotomachia〃 seems to deserve notice； because it is the very type of the books that are dear to collectors； as distinct from the books that； in any shape； are for ever valuable to the world。 A cheap Tauchnitz copy of the Iliad and Odyssey； or a Globe Shakespeare； are； from the point of view of literature； worth a wilderness of 〃Hypnerotomachiae。〃 But a clean copy of the 〃Hypnerotomachia；〃 especially on VELLUM； is one of the jewels of bibliography。 It has all the right qualities； it is very rare； it is very beautiful as a work of art； it is curious and even bizarre； it is the record of a strange time； and a strange passion； it is a relic； lastly； of its printer； the great and good Aldus Manutius。
Next to the old woodcuts and engravings； executed in times when artists were versatile and did not disdain even to draw a bookplate （as Durer did for Pirckheimer）； the designs of the French 〃little masters；〃 are at present in most demand。 The book illustrations of the seventeenth century are curious enough； and invaluable as authorities on manners and costume。 But the attitudes of the figures are too often stiff and ungainly； w