D if+would like/care 可以用来代替 if+want/wish,而且比后者有礼貌:
If you would like to e I’ll get a ticket for you.
如果你想来,我就给你弄一张票。
If you’d care to see the photographs I’ll bring them round
如果你有兴趣看那些照片,我就带来。
If he’d like to leave his car here he can.
如果他想把车停放在这里,他可以这样做。
但是,如果改写一下句子,使 would like没有宾语,就可以省掉 would:
If you like I’ll get a ticket for you.
如果你喜欢,我就给你弄一张票。
但是说:
If you’d like a ticket I’ll get one for you.
(译文同上。)
If he likes he can leave his car here.
如果他愿意,他可以把车停放在这里。
但是说:
If he’d like to leave his car here he can./ He can leave it here
if he’d like to.(译文同上。)
E if+should可以用于条件句类型1,用来表示动作虽有可能实现但可能性不很大。它常和祈使句结合使用,而且主要用于 书面的说明中:
If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts ring this number.
万一你买备件时遇到什么困难,请打这个电话号码。
If these biscuits should arrive in a damaged condition please inform the factory at once.
饼干运到时如有损坏,请立即通知本厂。
should可以位于句首而省略掉if:
Should these biscuits arrive…
(译文同上。)
(参见第225节B。)
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'Amber demo'
225 if + were以及主语和助动词的倒装
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A 用 if+were而不用 if+was的情况
1 通常两种形式都可以用,were更适合较正式的英语:
If she was/were offered the job she’d take it.
如果给她提供那份工作,她就会接受。(两者都可用。)
If Tom was/were here he’d know what to do.
如果汤姆在这里,他会知道该怎么办。
2 If I were/was you I would/should…是一种表示劝告的方式,were要比was用得普遍些:
‘If I were you I would wait a bit,’ he said.
他说:“我要是你的话,就再等一会儿。”(参见第287节C。)
were用于带to的不定式结构的情况更为常见:
If Peter were/was to apply for the post he’d get it.
要是彼得申请这个职务,他会得到的。(参见第222节B。)
3 以助动词置于主语前而构成条件句时,则只用were而不用was:
Were I Tom I would refuse.
如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝的。(参见下面B。)
if 意为since(由于,既然,参见第222节C)时,was不能由were代替;在 if only(参见第228节)和wish(参见第300节)之后,were可以由was来代替。
B 在正式的英语中, if + 主语 + 助动词结构中可以省略if,同时使助动词位于主语前面:
If I were in his shoes…相当于:
Were I in his shoes…
如果我处于他的地位……
If you should require anything… 相当于:
Should you require anything…
你需要什么的话……
If he had known… 相当于:
Had he known…
要是他当时知道的话……
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'Amber demo'
226 if,even if,whether,unless,but for,
otherwise,provided, suppose
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A even if(=even though即便)
请比较下面两个例句:
You must go tomorrow if you are ready.
如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。
B whether…or(=if…or是否)
You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.
无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。
C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非)
Unless you start at once you’ll be late.相当于:
If you don’t start at once you’ll be late.
除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。
Unless you had a permit you couldn’t get a job.相当于:
If you hadn’t a permit you couldn’t get a job.
除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。
注意下面两个例句间的区别:
(a) Don’t call ′me if you need help.
如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。
(b) Don’t call me unless you need help.
除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。
在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。
unless+he’d/you’d like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldn’t like等:
I’ll ask Tom,unless you’d prefer me to ask/unless you’d rather I asked Bill.
我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。
D but for(=if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for不然)
My father pays me fees.But for that I wouldn’t be here.
我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。
The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.
汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。
E otherwise(=if this doesn’t happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened否则)
We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.
我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于:
If we are not back by midnight we’ll be locked out.
如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。
Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldn’t be here.
她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于:
If her father didn’t pay her fees she wouldn’t be here.
要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。
I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have taken longer.
我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于:
If I hadn’t used my calculator I’d have taken longer.
要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。
F 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:
We must be early or(else) we won’t get a seat.
我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。
G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:
You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。
H suppose/supposing…?(=what if…?假如)
Suppose the plane is late?相当于:
What if/What will happen if the plane is late?
假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况?
Suppose no one had been there?相当于:
What if no one had been there?
假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样?
suppose也可以引出建议:
Suppose you ask him?/Why don’t you ask him?
假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢?
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227 if和in case
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A in case 后接一般现在时、一般过去时或 should。(参见第节。)它看上去与if的用法相似而且常常和if相混淆,但两者完全不同。
in case引导的从句为主句的动作提供理由:
Some cyclists carry repair outfits in case they have a puncture.
有些骑自行车的人携带修理工具,以备万一车胎被扎破。相当于:
Some cyclists carry repair outfits because they may have/because it is pos… sible they will have a puncture.
有些骑自行车的人携带修理工具,因为他们的车胎可能会被扎破。
I always slept by the phone in case he rang during the night.
我总是睡在电话机旁边,惟恐他夜间打电话来。相当于:
I always slept by the phone because (I knew)he might ring during the night.
我总是睡在电话机旁,因为我知道他可能夜间打电话来。
in case从句可以省掉而不改变主句的含义。然而在条件句中,主句的动作依赖于if从句的动作,如果省掉if从句主句的含义就变了。
请比较以下句子:
(a) Bill: I’ll e tomorrow in case Ann wants me.
比尔:明天我要来,以备安找我。
(b) Tom: I’ll e tomorrow if Ann wants me.
汤姆:如果安找我,我明天就来。
在句子(a)中,安也许要找比尔,也许不找。但比尔无论如何要来。他的行动不取决于安的动作,因此可以把 in case Ann wants me 省掉而不改变主句的含义。
句子(b)是一个条件句,汤姆的到来是以安的要求为条件的。他的动作取决于安的动作。不能省掉 if Ann wants me 而又不改变主句的含义。
B in case从句通常位于主句之后而不是之前。
但要注意 in case of+名词等于 if there is a/an+名词:
In case of accident phone 999.相当于:
If there is an accident phone 999.
如果发生事故,请拨电话999。
if从句和 in case从句之间的混淆可能是由此引起的。
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228 if only
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only 可以用在if之后,按照和它连用的不同时态分别表示希
望、愿望或遗憾。
A if only+现在时/will表示希望:
If only he es in time.
但愿他能及时来到。相当于:
We hope he will e in time.
我们希望他会及时来。
If only he will listen to her.
但愿他愿意听她的话。相当于:
We hope he will be willing to listen to her.
我们希望他愿意听她的话。
B if only+一般过去时/过去完成时表示遗憾(参见第300节wish+一般过去时或过去完成时):
If only he didn’ t smoke!
要是他不吸烟该多好!相当于:
We wish he didn’t smoke./We are sorry he smokes.
我们希望他不吸烟。/他吸烟我们感到遗憾。
If only(=I/We wish) Tom were here!
汤姆要是在这里就好了!
If only you hadn’t said,‘Liar’!
要是你没说“你撒谎”就好了。相当于:
We wish you hadn’t said,‘Liar’/We are sorry you said,‘Liar.’
犖颐窍M忝凰怠澳闳龌选薄#闼盗恕澳闳龌选保颐歉械揭藕丁?
C if only+would表示对于现在的动作的遗憾,可以作为 if only +一般过去时的替代说法,它具有 wish+would的含义:
If only he would drive more slowly!
要是他肯开得慢一些就好了!相当于:
We are sorry that he isn’t willing to drive more slowly.
他不愿意开得慢一些,我们感到遗憾。
if only+would也可以表示没有多大希望实现的关于将来的愿望:
If only(=I/We wish) the rain would stop!
要是雨能停该多好!(我/我们希望雨停,但我们想雨会继续下个不停。)(参见第300节与第301节有关wish部分。)
if only从句如上所述可以单独使用,也可以作为一个完整的条件句的组成部分。
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229 间接引语中的条件句
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A 条件句类型1的基本形式在这里时态的变化遵循通常的规律:
He said,‘If I catch the plane I’ll be home by five.’
他说:“我如果能赶上这班飞机,5点钟以前就可以到家了。”相当于:
He said that if he caught the plane he would be home by five.
他说他如果能赶上那班飞机,5点钟以前就可以到家了。
条件句类型2的基本形式在这里时态不变:
‘If I had a permit I could get a job,’he said.
他说:“如果我有许可证就能找到工作。”相当于:
He said that if he had a permit he could get a job.
他说如果他有许可证就能找到工作。
条件句类型3的基本形式在这里时态不变:
‘If she had loved Tom,’ he said,‘she wouldn’t have left him.’
他说:“如果她喜欢汤姆,就不会离开他。”相当于:
He said that if she had loved Tom she wouldn’t have left him.
他说如果她喜欢汤姆的话就不会离开他。
B 关于if从句+命令或者要求在间接引语中的例句(参见第320节与第321节):
He said,‘If you have time wash the floor.’
他说:“如果你有时间,擦一擦地板。”
He said,‘If you have time would you wash the floor?’
他说:“如果你有时间,你能擦一擦地板吗?”相当于:
He told/asked me to wash the floor if I had time.
他叫/要我有时间的话擦一擦地板。
He said that if I had time I was to wash the floor.
他说如果我有时间的话就擦一擦地板。
‘If you see Ann ask her to ring me,’he said.
他说:“如果你遇到安,叫她给我打个电话。”相当于:
He said that if I saw Ann I was to ask her to ring him.
他说如果我看到安,告诉她给他打个电话。(这里如用 ask+不定式结构就变得很拗口,也不十分清楚。)
Peter(on phone): If you miss the last bus get a taxi.
彼得(在打电话):如果你们误了末班车,就雇一辆出租汽车。
Peter says that if we miss the last bus we are to get a taxi.
彼得说如果